Scroll down this page to find over 300 examples of maths IA exploration topics and ideas for IB mathematics students doing their internal assessment (IA) coursework. Topics include Algebra and Number (proof), Geometry, Calculus, Statistics and Probability, Physics, and links with other subjects. Suitable for Applications and Interpretations students (SL and HL) and also Analysis and Approaches students (SL and HL).
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Modelling allows us to predict real world events using mathematical functions.
Why is this topic a good idea?
This topic is a nice combination of graphical skills, regression and potentially calculus. It easily links to the real world and so is easy to find engaging ideas.
Some suggested ideas:
Calculus allows us to understand rates of change and therefore motion over time. It’s one of the most powerful tools ever invented.
Why is this topic a good idea?
This topic allows a nice demonstration of calculus skills, often links with graphical ideas and is easy to create real world links.
Some suggested ideas:
The modern currency of the internet is data – and data collection and data interpretation skills are essential.
Why is this topic a good idea?
This topic if done well can bring in ideas of probability, statistics and other branches of mathematics.
Some suggested ideas:
Statistics and data analysis are important skills in business and science. There are many different tests which help us understand the significance of results
Why is this topic a good idea?
This topic if done well can allow students to do some experiments and investigations
Some suggested ideas:
Geometry connects us with mathematics done for over 2000 years by the likes of Euclid done with compasses and rulers.
Why is this topic a good idea?
This topic is a nice combination of graphical skills and the ability to apply to new situations.
Some suggested ideas:
Ladybirds vs aphids – who will win?
Pure mathematics allows us to experience ideas of proof and gets us closer to what “real” mathematicians do.
Why is this topic a good idea?
This topic is a nice chance to explore ideas in proof, number theory and complex numbers.
Some suggested ideas:
Here are some more interesting topic ideas spanning a variety of mathematical fields – linking to matrices and computational ideas
Creating a neural AI network -machine learning
If the ideas above aren’t enough I’ve also added even more ideas and links below. Please explore!
1) Modular arithmetic – This technique is used throughout Number Theory. For example, Mod 3 means the remainder when dividing by 3.
2) Goldbach’s conjecture: “Every even number greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.” One of the great unsolved problems in mathematics.
3) Probabilistic number theory
4) Applications of complex numbers: The stunning graphics of Mandelbrot and Julia Sets are generated by complex numbers.
5) Diophantine equations: These are polynomials which have integer solutions. Fermat’s Last Theorem is one of the most famous such equations.
6) Continued fractions: These are fractions which continue to infinity. The great Indian mathematician Ramanujan discovered some amazing examples of these.
7) Patterns in Pascal’s triangle: There are a large number of patterns to discover – including the Fibonacci sequence.
8) Finding prime numbers: The search for prime numbers and the twin prime conjecture are some of the most important problems in mathematics. There is a $1 million prize for solving the Riemann Hypothesis and $250,000 available for anyone who discovers a new, really big prime number.
9) Random numbers
10) Pythagorean triples: A great introduction into number theory – investigating the solutions of Pythagoras’ Theorem which are integers (eg. 3,4,5 triangle).
11) Mersenne primes: These are primes that can be written as 2^n -1.
12) Magic squares and cubes: Investigate magic tricks that use mathematics. Why do magic squares work?
13) Loci and complex numbers
14) Egyptian fractions: Egyptian fractions can only have a numerator of 1 – which leads to some interesting patterns. 2/3 could be written as 1/6 + 1/2. Can all fractions with a numerator of 2 be written as 2 Egyptian fractions?
15) Complex numbers and transformations
16) Euler’s identity: An equation that has been voted the most beautiful equation of all time, Euler’s identity links together 5 of the most important numbers in mathematics.
17) Chinese remainder theorem. This is a puzzle that was posed over 1500 years ago by a Chinese mathematician. It involves understanding the modulo operation.
18) Fermat’s last theorem: A problem that puzzled mathematicians for centuries – and one that has only recently been solved.
19) Natural logarithms of complex numbers
20) Twin primes problem: The question as to whether there are patterns in the primes has fascinated mathematicians for centuries. The twin prime conjecture states that there are infinitely many consecutive primes ( eg. 5 and 7 are consecutive primes). There has been a recent breakthrough in this problem.
21) Hypercomplex numbers
22) Diophantine application: Cole numbers
23) Perfect Numbers: Perfect numbers are the sum of their factors (apart from the last factor). ie 6 is a perfect number because 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
24) Euclidean algorithm for GCF
25) Palindrome numbers: Palindrome numbers are the same backwards as forwards.
26) Fermat’s little theorem: If p is a prime number then a^p – a is a multiple of p.
27) Prime number sieves
28) Recurrence expressions for phi (golden ratio): Phi appears with remarkable consistency in nature and appears to shape our understanding of beauty and symmetry.
29) The Riemann Hypothesis – one of the greatest unsolved problems in mathematics – worth $1million to anyone who solves it (not for the faint hearted!)
30) Time travel to the future: Investigate how traveling close to the speed of light allows people to travel “forward” in time relative to someone on Earth. Why does the twin paradox work?
31) Graham’s Number – a number so big that thinking about it could literally collapse your brain into a black hole.
32) RSA code – the most important code in the world? How all our digital communications are kept safe through the properties of primes.
33) The Chinese Remainder Theorem: This is a method developed by a Chinese mathematician Sun Zi over 1500 years ago to solve a numerical puzzle. An interesting insight into the mathematical field of Number Theory.
34) Cesaro Summation: Does 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 … = 1/2?. A post which looks at the maths behind this particularly troublesome series.
35) Fermat’s Theorem on the sum of 2 squares – An example of how to use mathematical proof to solve problems in number theory.
36) Can we prove that 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 …. = -1/12 ? How strange things happen when we start to manipulate divergent series.
37) Mathematical proof and paradox – a good opportunity to explore some methods of proof and to show how logical errors occur.
38) Friendly numbers, Solitary numbers, perfect numbers. Investigate what makes a number happy or sad, or sociable! Can you find the loop of infinite sadness?
39) Zeno’s Paradox – Achilles and the Tortoise – A look at the classic paradox from ancient Greece – the philosopher “proved” a runner could never catch a tortoise – no matter how fast he ran.
40) Stellar Numbers – This is an excellent example of a pattern sequence investigation. Choose your own pattern investigation for the exploration.
41) Arithmetic number puzzle – It could be interesting to do an exploration where you solve number problems – like this one.
42) Normal Numbers – and random number generators – what is a normal number – and how are they connected to random number generators?
43) Narcissistic Numbers – what makes a number narcissistic – and how can we find them all?
44) Modelling Chaos – how we can use grahical software to understand the behavior of sequences
45) The Mordell Equation. What is the Mordell equation and how does it help us solve mathematical problems in number theory?
46) Ramanujan’s Taxi Cab and the Sum of 2 Cubes. Explore this famous number theory puzzle.
47) Hollow cubes and hypercubes investigation. Explore number theory in higher dimensions!
48) When do 2 squares equal 2 cubes? A classic problem in number theory which can be solved through computational power.
49) Rational approximations to irrational numbers. How accurately can be approximate irrationals?
50) Square triangular numbers. When do we have a square number which is also a triangular number?
51) Complex numbers as matrices – Euler’s identity. We can use a matrix representation of complex numbers to test whether Euler’s identity still holds.
52) Have you got a Super Brain? How many different ways can we use to solve a number theory problem?
1a) Non-Euclidean geometries: This allows us to “break” the rules of conventional geometry – for example, angles in a triangle no longer add up to 180 degrees. In some geometries triangles add up to more than 180 degrees, in others less than 180 degrees.
1b) The shape of the universe – non-Euclidean Geometry is at the heart of Einstein’s theories on General Relativity and essential to understanding the shape and behavior of the universe.
2) Hexaflexagons: These are origami style shapes that through folding can reveal extra faces.
3) Minimal surfaces and soap bubbles: Soap bubbles assume the minimum possible surface area to contain a given volume.
4) Tesseract – a 4D cube: How we can use maths to imagine higher dimensions.
5) Stacking cannon balls: An investigation into the patterns formed from stacking canon balls in different ways.
6) Mandelbrot set and fractal shapes: Explore the world of infinitely generated pictures and fractional dimensions.
7) Sierpinksi triangle: a fractal design that continues forever.
8) Squaring the circle: This is a puzzle from ancient times – which was to find out whether a square could be created that had the same area as a given circle. It is now used as a saying to represent something impossible.
9) Polyominoes: These are shapes made from squares. The challenge is to see how many different shapes can be made with a given number of squares – and how can they fit together?
10) Tangrams: Investigate how many different ways different size shapes can be fitted together.
11) Understanding the fourth dimension: How we can use mathematics to imagine (and test for) extra dimensions.
12) The Riemann Sphere – an exploration of some non-Euclidean geometry. Straight lines are not straight, parallel lines meet and angles in a triangle don’t add up to 180 degrees.
13) Graphically understanding complex roots – have you ever wondered what the complex root of a quadratic actually means graphically? Find out!
14) Circular inversion – what does it mean to reflect in a circle? A great introduction to some of the ideas behind non-euclidean geometry.
15) Julia Sets and Mandelbrot Sets – We can use complex numbers to create beautiful patterns of infinitely repeating fractals. Find out how!
16) Graphing polygons investigation. Can we find a function that plots a square? Are there functions which plot any polygons? Use computer graphing to investigate.
17) Graphing Stewie from Family Guy. How to use graphic software to make art from equations.
18) Hyperbolic geometry – how we can map the infinite hyperbolic plane onto the unit circle, and how this inspired the art of Escher.
19) Elliptical Curves– how this class of curves have importance in solving Fermat’s Last Theorem and in cryptography.
20) The Coastline Paradox – how we can measure the lengths of coastlines, and uses the idea of fractals to arrive at fractional dimensions.
21) Projective geometry – the development of geometric proofs based on points at infinity.
22) The Folium of Descartes. This is a nice way to link some maths history with studying an interesting function.
23) Measuring the Distance to the Stars. Maths is closely connected with astronomy – see how we can work out the distance to the stars.
24) A geometric proof for the arithmetic and geometric mean. Proof doesn’t always have to be algebraic. Here is a geometric proof.
25) Euler’s 9 Point Circle. This is a lovely construction using just compasses and a ruler.
26) Plotting the Mandelbrot Set – using Geogebra to graphically generate the Mandelbrot Set.
27) Volume optimization of a cuboid – how to use calculus and graphical solutions to optimize the volume of a cuboid.
28) Ford Circles– how to generate Ford circles and their links with fractions.
29) Classical Geometry Puzzle: Finding the Radius. This is a nice geometry puzzle solved using a variety of methods.
31) The Shoelace Algorithm to find areas of polygons. How can we find the area of any polygon?
32) Soap Bubbles, Wormholes and Catenoids. What is the geometric shape of soap bubbles?
33) Can you solve an Oxford entrance question? This problem asks you to explore a sliding ladder.
34) The Tusi circle – how to create a circle rolling inside another circle using parametric equations.
35) Sphere packing – how to fit spheres into a package to minimize waste.
36) Sierpinski triangle – an infinitely repeating fractal pattern generated by code.
37) Generating e through probability and hypercubes. This amazing result can generate e through considering hyper-dimensional shapes.
38) Find the average distance between 2 points on a square. If any points are chosen at random in a square what is the expected distance between them?
39) Finding the average distance between 2 points on a hypercube. Can we extend our investigation above to a multi-dimensional cube?
40) Finding focus with Archimedes. The Greeks used a very different approach to understanding quadratics – and as a result had a deeper understanding of their physical properties linked to light and reflection.
41) Chaos and strange Attractors: Henon’s map. Gain a deeper understanding of chaos theory with this investigation.
1) The harmonic series: Investigate the relationship between fractions and music, or investigate whether this series converges.
2) Torus – solid of revolution: A torus is a donut shape which introduces some interesting topological ideas.
3) Projectile motion: Studying the motion of projectiles like cannon balls is an essential part of the mathematics of war. You can also model everything from Angry Birds to stunt bike jumping. A good use of your calculus skills.
4) Why e is base of natural logarithm function: A chance to investigate the amazing number e.
5) Fourier Transforms – the most important tool in mathematics? Fourier transforms have an essential part to play in modern life – and are one of the keys to understanding the world around us. This mathematical equation has been described as the most important in all of physics. Find out more! (This topic is only suitable for IB HL students).
6) Batman and Superman maths – how to use Wolfram Alpha to plot graphs of the Batman and Superman logo
7) Explore the Si(x) function – a special function in calculus that can’t be integrated into an elementary function.
8) The Remarkable Dirac Delta Function. This is a function which is used in Quantum mechanics – it describes a peak of zero width but with area 1.
9) Optimization of area – an investigation. This is an nice example of how you can investigation optimization of the area of different polygons.
10) Envelope of projectile motion. This investigates a generalized version of projectile motion – discover what shape is created.
11) Projectile Motion Investigation II. This takes the usual projectile motion ideas and generalises them to investigate equations of ellipses formed.
12) Projectile Motion III: Varying gravity. What would projectile motion look like on different planets?
13) The Tusi couple – A circle rolling inside a circle. This is a lovely result which uses parametric functions to create a beautiful example of mathematical art.
14) Galileo’s Inclined Planes. How did Galileo achieve his breakthrough understanding of gravity? Follow in the footsteps of a genius!
1) Traffic flow: How maths can model traffic on the roads.
2) Logistic function and constrained growth
3) Benford’s Law – using statistics to catch criminals by making use of a surprising distribution.
4) Bad maths in court – how a misuse of statistics in the courtroom can lead to devastating miscarriages of justice.
5) The mathematics of cons – how con artists use pyramid schemes to get rich quick.
6) Impact Earth – what would happen if an asteroid or meteorite hit the Earth?
7) Black Swan events – how usefully can mathematics predict small probability high impact events?
8) Modelling happiness – how understanding utility value can make you happier.
9) Does finger length predict mathematical ability? Investigate the surprising correlation between finger ratios and all sorts of abilities and traits.
10) Modelling epidemics/spread of a virus
11) The Monty Hall problem – this video will show why statistics often lead you to unintuitive results.
12) Monte Carlo simulations
14) Bayes’ theorem: How understanding probability is essential to our legal system.
15) Birthday paradox: The birthday paradox shows how intuitive ideas on probability can often be wrong. How many people need to be in a room for it to be at least 50% likely that two people will share the same birthday? Find out!
16) Are we living in a computer simulation? Look at the Bayesian logic behind the argument that we are living in a computer simulation.
17) Does sacking a football manager affect results? A chance to look at some statistics with surprising results.
18) Which times tables do students find most difficult? A good example of how to conduct a statistical investigation in mathematics.
19) Introduction to Modelling. This is a fantastic 70 page booklet explaining different modelling methods from Moody’s Mega Maths Challenge.
20) Modelling infectious diseases – how we can use mathematics to predict how diseases like measles will spread through a population
21) Using Chi Squared to crack codes – Chi squared can be used to crack Vigenere codes which for hundreds of years were thought to be unbreakable. Unleash your inner spy!
22) Modelling Zombies – How do zombies spread? What is your best way of surviving the zombie apocalypse? Surprisingly maths can help!
23) Modelling music with sine waves – how we can understand different notes by sine waves of different frequencies. Listen to the sounds that different sine waves make.
24) Are you psychic? Use the binomial distribution to test your ESP abilities.
25) Reaction times – are you above or below average? Model your data using a normal distribution.
26) Modelling volcanoes – look at how the Poisson distribution can predict volcanic eruptions, and perhaps explore some more advanced statistical tests.
27) Could Trump win the next election? How the normal distribution is used to predict elections.
28) How to avoid a Troll – an example of a problem solving based investigation
29) The Gini Coefficient – How to model economic inequality
30) Maths of Global Warming – Modeling Climate Change – Using Desmos to model the change in atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.
31) Modelling radioactive decay – the mathematics behind radioactivity decay, used extensively in science.
32) Circular Motion: Modelling a Ferris wheel. Use Tracker software to create a Sine wave.
33) Spotting Asset Bubbles. How to use modeling to predict booms and busts.
34) The Rise of Bitcoin. Is Bitcoin going to keep rising or crash?
35) Fun with Functions!. Some nice examples of using polar coordinates to create interesting designs.
36) Predicting the UK election using linear regression. The use of regression in polling predictions.
37) Modelling a Nuclear War. What would happen to the climate in the event of a nuclear war?
38) Modelling a football season. We can use a Poisson model and some Excel expertise to predict the outcome of sports matches – a technique used by gambling firms.
39)Modeling hours of daylight – using Desmos to plot the changing hours of daylight in different countries.
40) Modelling the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19). Using the SIR model to understand epidemics.
42) The Martingale system paradox. Explore a curious betting system still used in currency trading today.
1) Is there a correlation between hours of sleep and exam grades?Studies have shown that a good night’s sleep raises academic attainment.
2) Is there a correlation between height and weight? (pdf). The NHS use a chart to decide what someone should weigh depending on their height. Does this mean that height is a good indicator of weight?
3) Is there a correlation between arm span and foot height? This is also a potential opportunity to discuss the Golden Ratio in nature.
4) Is there a correlation between smoking and lung capacity?
5) Is there a correlation between GDP and life expectancy? Run the Gapminder graph to show the changing relationship between GDP and life expectancy over the past few decades.
7) Is there a correlation between numbers of yellow cards a game and league position?
Use the Guardian Stats data to find out if teams which commit the most fouls also do the best in the league.
8) Is there a correlation between Olympic 100m sprint times and Olympic 15000m times?
Use the Olympic database to find out if the 1500m times have got faster in the same way the 100m times have got quicker over the past few decades.
9) Is there a correlation between time taken getting to school and the distance a student lives from school?
10) Does eating breakfast affect your grades?
11) Is there a correlation between stock prices of different companies? Use Google Finance to collect data on company share prices.
13) Is there a correlation between height and basketball ability? Look at some stats for NBA players to find out.
14) Is there a correlation between stress and blood pressure?
16) Are a sample of student heights normally distributed? We know that adult population heights are normally distributed – what about student heights?
17) Are a sample of flower heights normally distributed?
18) Are a sample of student weights normally distributed?
19) Are the IB maths test scores normally distributed? (pdf). IB test scores are designed to fit a bell curve. Investigate how the scores from different IB subjects compare.
20) Are the weights of “1kg” bags of sugar normally distributed?
21) Does gender affect hours playing sport? A UK study showed that primary school girls play much less sport than boys.
22) Investigation into the distribution of word lengths in different languages. The English language has an average word length of 5.1 words. How does that compare with other languages?
23) Do bilingual students have a greater memory recall than non-bilingual students?
Studies have shown that bilingual students have better “working memory” – does this include memory recall?
1) The prisoner’s dilemma: The use of game theory in psychology and economics.
3) Gambler’s fallacy: A good chance to investigate misconceptions in probability and probabilities in gambling. Why does the house always win?
4) Bluffing in Poker: How probability and game theory can be used to explore the the best strategies for bluffing in poker.
5) Knight’s tour in chess: This chess puzzle asks how many moves a knight must make to visit all squares on a chess board.
6) Billiards and snooker
7) Zero sum games
8) How to “Solve” Noughts and Crossess (Tic Tac Toe) – using game theory. This topics provides a fascinating introduction to both combinatorial Game Theory and Group Theory.
9) Maths and football – Do managerial sackings really lead to an improvement in results? We can analyse the data to find out. Also look at the finances behind Premier league teams
10) Is there a correlation between Premier League wages and league position? Also look at how the Championship compares to the Premier League.
11) The One Time Pad – an uncrackable code? Explore the maths behind code making and breaking.
12) How to win at Rock Paper Scissors. Look at some of the maths (and psychology behind winning this game.
13) The Watson Selection Task – a puzzle which tests logical reasoning. Are maths students better than history students?
2) Steiner problem
3) Chinese postman problem – This is a problem from graph theory – how can a postman deliver letters to every house on his streets in the shortest time possible?
4) Travelling salesman problem
5) Königsberg bridge problem: The use of networks to solve problems. This particular problem was solved by Euler.
6) Handshake problem: With n people in a room, how many handshakes are required so that everyone shakes hands with everyone else?
7) Möbius strip: An amazing shape which is a loop with only 1 side and 1 edge.
9) Logic and sets
10) Codes and ciphers: ISBN codes and credit card codes are just some examples of how codes are essential to modern life. Maths can be used to both make these codes and break them.
11) Zeno’s paradox of Achilles and the tortoise: How can a running Achilles ever catch the tortoise if in the time taken to halve the distance, the tortoise has moved yet further away?
12) Four colour map theorem – a puzzle that requires that a map can be coloured in so that every neighbouring country is in a different colour. What is the minimum number of colours needed for any map?
13) Telephone Numbers – these are numbers with special properties which grow very large very quickly. This topic links to graph theory.
14)The Poincare Conjecture and Grigori Perelman – Learn about the reclusive Russian mathematician who turned down $1 million for solving one of the world’s most difficult maths problems.
1) The Monkey and the Hunter – How to Shoot a Monkey – Using Newtonian mathematics to decide where to aim when shooting a monkey in a tree.
2) How to Design a Parachute – looking at the physics behind parachute design to ensure a safe landing!
3) Galileo: Throwing cannonballs off The Leaning Tower of Pisa – Recreating Galileo’s classic experiment, and using maths to understand the surprising result.
4) Rocket Science and Lagrange Points – how clever mathematics is used to keep satellites in just the right place.
5) Fourier Transforms – the most important tool in mathematics? – An essential component of JPEG, DNA analysis, WIFI signals, MRI scans, guitar amps – find out about the maths behind these essential technologies.
6) Bullet projectile motion experiment – using Tracker software to model the motion of a bullet.
7) Quantum Mechanics – a statistical universe? Look at the inherent probabilistic nature of the universe with some quantum mechanics.
8) Log Graphs to Plot Planetary Patterns. The planets follow a surprising pattern when measuring their distances.
9) Modeling with springs and weights. Some classic physics – which generates some nice mathematical graphs.
10) Is Intergalactic space travel possible? Using the physics of travel near the speed of light to see how we could travel to other stars.
1) The Van Eck Sequence – The Van Eck Sequence is a sequence that we still don’t fully understand – we can use programing to help!
2) Solving maths problems using computers – computers are really useful in solving mathematical problems. Here are some examples solved using Python.
3) Stacking cannonballs – solving maths with code – how to stack cannonballs in different configurations.
4) What’s so special about 277777788888899? – Playing around with multiplicative persistence – can you break the world record?
5) Project Euler: Coding to Solve Maths Problems. A nice starting point for students good at coding – who want to put these skills to the test mathematically.
6) Square Triangular Numbers. Can we use a mixture of pure maths and computing to solve this problem?
7) When do 2 squares equal 2 cubes? Can we use a mixture of pure maths and computing to solve this problem?
9) Coding Hailstone Numbers. How can we use computers to gain a deeper understanding of sequences?
1) Radiocarbon dating – understanding radioactive decay allows scientists and historians to accurately work out something’s age – whether it be from thousands or even millions of years ago.
2) Gravity, orbits and escape velocity – Escape velocity is the speed required to break free from a body’s gravitational pull. Essential knowledge for future astronauts.
3) Mathematical methods in economics – maths is essential in both business and economics – explore some economics based maths problems.
4) Genetics – Look at the mathematics behind genetic inheritance and natural selection.
5) Elliptical orbits – Planets and comets have elliptical orbits as they are influenced by the gravitational pull of other bodies in space. Investigate some rocket science!
6) Logarithmic scales – Decibel, Richter, etc. are examples of log scales – investigate how these scales are used and what they mean.
7) Fibonacci sequence and spirals in nature – There are lots of examples of the Fibonacci sequence in real life – from pine cones to petals to modelling populations and the stock market.
8) Change in a person’s BMI over time – There are lots of examples of BMI stats investigations online – see if you can think of an interesting twist.
9) Designing bridges – Mathematics is essential for engineers such as bridge builders – investigate how to design structures that carry weight without collapse.
10) Mathematical card tricks – investigate some maths magic.
11) Flatland by Edwin Abbott – This famous book helps understand how to imagine extra dimension. You can watch a short video on it here
12) Towers of Hanoi puzzle – This famous puzzle requires logic and patience. Can you find the pattern behind it?
13) Different number systems – Learn how to add, subtract, multiply and divide in Binary. Investigate how binary is used – link to codes and computing.
14) Methods for solving differential equations – Differential equations are amazingly powerful at modelling real life – from population growth to to pendulum motion. Investigate how to solve them.
15) Modelling epidemics/spread of a virus – what is the mathematics behind understanding how epidemics occur? Look at how infectious Ebola really is.
16) Hyperbolic functions – These are linked to the normal trigonometric functions but with notable differences. They are useful for modelling more complex shapes.
17) Medical data mining – Explore the use and misuse of statistics in medicine and science.
18)Waging war with maths: Hollow squares. How mathematical formations were used to fight wars.
19) The Barnsley Fern: Mathematical Art – how can we use iterative processes to create mathematical art?
